Sex–trait stereotypes may be defines as a set of psychological attributes that characterize men more frequently than women. Thus, males are often described as ambitious, unemotional, and independent and, on the other hand, like selfish, unrefined, and insensitive. Females are described as emotional, irrational, high-strung, and tentative. In spite of the egalitarian movement, recent studies have demonstrated that sex-trait stereotypes remain common among young adults today. In fact, such stereotyping has proved to be the psychological justification for social beliefs concerning the appropriateness of various activities for men and women that further perpetuate the different sex roles traditionally ascribed to men and women.

The awareness of sex – trait stereotypes in the United States developes a linear fashion between the ages of four and ten. Generally, knowledge of male stereotypical characteristics develops earlier, whereas knowledge of female characteristics increases more rapidly between the ages of four and seven. While the reasons for this learning are not fully understood, evidence suggests that at the preschool level children’s literature and television programs provide powerful models and reinforcement for stereotyped views. Studies designed to compare sex-trait stereotypes cross–nationally show a high degree of correspondence in the characteristics ascribed to men and women. As finding have been obtained in the other countries, two hypotheses have been advanced to explain the commonalities in sex trait stereotyping. One states that pancultural similarities play a role in the psychological characteristics attributed to men and women, and the second states that the general picture is one of cultural relativism.

2. Which of the following statements is supported in the passage?
A. The beliefs of young adults are more common among the old.
B. The beliefs of young adults have shown little change.
C. Young adults have participated in many common studied.
D. The egalitarian movement has been a resounding success.
3. In line 3, the word ambitious is closest in meaning to _________.
A. anxious B. ambiguous C. enterprising D. honest
4. In line 4, the word high-strung is closest in meaning to _________.
A. nervous B. hideous C. high-class D. fair-minded
5. In line 9, the word perpetuate is closest in meaning to _________.
A. perplexB. maintain C. mount D. personalize
6. According to the passage, characterizations of men and women as having particular sets of attributed are _________.
A. found in several coutries B. reflected in modern fashion
C. uniform across all groups D. contingent (tình cờ) on a socioeconomic class
7. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that young children learn about sex-trait stereotypes _________.
A. by watching their parents B. when their learning is reinforced
C. by being exposed to various media D. after they start school
8. It can be inferred from paragraph that social beliefs precipitate_________.
A. nontraditional gender roles B. the rationalization for stereotyping
C. the on-going egalitarian change D. concerns for the legitimacy of sex traits
9. The author of the passage would most probably agree with which of the following statements?
A. Social attitudes are not likely to change radically
B. Social attitudes toward women have been updated and made morebalanced.
C. Social attitudes toward men are continually nullified and modernized.
D. The women’s liberation movement has borne little fruit.
10. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. A Cross–examination of Stereotypical Behaviors
B. A Relativist Perspective on Stereotyping
C. The Pervasiveness of Sex–Trait Stereotypes
D. A Unilateral Approach to Sex – Trait Stereotyping

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