1. It was her first ride on a roller coaster, so Mary was very eager. (SURGE)
→ Never had Mary felt such a surge of excitement as on her first ride on a roller coaster.

$ \circ$ Never + had + S + PII + ... (Đảo ngữ với "Never" để nhấn mạnh hành động chưa từng xảy ra trước đó)

2.The company’s expansion into various areas has put a strain on its resources. (THIN)
→ Having stretched itself too thin, the company has strained its resources.

$\circ$ Having + PII, + mệnh đề chính
(Dùng "Having + PII" để chỉ hành động đã xảy ra trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ/hiện tại)

3. The senator’s argument was not thoroughly examined until the result of the election was announced. (SCRUTINY)
→ Not until the election result was announced did the senator’s argument come under scrutiny.

$\circ$ Not until + mốc thời gian + did + S + V1 + ...
(Đảo ngữ với "Not until" để nhấn mạnh thời điểm điều gì đó xảy ra)

4. The team did not make it to the finals because they were not performing at their best. (CYLINDERS)
→ Having stretched itself too thin, the company has strained its resources.
$\circ$ Had + S + PII, S + would have + PII
(Câu điều kiện loại 3 – Đảo ngữ không dùng “if”, dùng để nói về điều không có thật trong quá khứ)

5. My partner oughtn’t to have changed our script without asking me first. (LIBERTIES)
→ I would rather my partner hadn’t taken liberties with our script without asking me first.

$\circ$ Would rather + S + had not + PII
(Diễn tả mong muốn ai đó không làm điều gì trong quá khứ)

6. They lost twice in a row, so it is certain they would be eliminated. (FOREGONE)
→ With two losses in a row, their elimination is a foregone conclusion.

$\circ$ With + N + ..., S + V
(“A foregone conclusion” = một kết cục đã được dự đoán chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra)