Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health care facilities where both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when water, sanitation and hygiene services are lacking. Globally, 15% of patients develop an infection during a hospital stay, with the proportion much greater in low-income countries.

Inadequate management of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater means the drinking water of hundreds of millions of people is dangerously contaminated or chemically polluted. Natural presence of chemicals, particularly in groundwater, can also be of health significance, including arsenic and fluoride, while other chemicals, such as lead, may be elevated in drinking water as a result of leaching from water supply components in contact with drinking-water.

Some 829,000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhea as a result of unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hand hygiene. Yet diarrhea is largely preventable, and the deaths of 297,000 children aged under 5 years could be avoided each year if these risk factors were addressed. Where water is not readily available, people may decide handwashing is not a priority, thereby adding to the likelihood of diarrhea and other diseases.

Diarrhea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated food and water but there are other hazards. In 2017, over 220 million people required preventative treatment for schistosomiasis - an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms contracted through exposure to infested water. In many parts of the world, insects that live or breed in water carry and transmit diseases such as dengue fever. Some of these insects, known as vectors, breed in clean, rather than dirty water, and household drinking water containers can serve as breeding and may also reduce faecal contamination of water at the house hold level

Question 28: The passage is mainly about

A. diarrhea and other diseases

B. water pollution

C. diarrhea and other diseases caused by water pollution

D. diarrhea

Question 29: The phrase "risk factors" in the third paragraph refers to A. chemicals in drinking water

B. industrial and agricultural waste

C. unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hand hygiene Question 30: The word "transmit" in the fifth paragraph is closest in meaning to

D. poor sanitation

A. conceal

B. spread

C. break

D. retain

Question 31: According to the third paragraph, how many people may possibly have diarrhea

each year?

A. 1,126,000

B. 297,000

C. 829,000

D. more than 829,000

Question 32: Which of the following diseases is not mentioned in the passage?

A, cancer

B. schistosomiasis

C. polio

D. dengue fever

Question 33: Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?

A. In low-income countries, the proportion of patients developing an infection during a hópital stay is higher than 15%

stay is higher than 15%.

B. Arsenic and fluoride are natural presence of chemicals in groundwater.

C. Diarrhea is preventable for people of all ages.

D. Insects that carry and transmit diseases only breed in clean water.

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